Toxic Leadership

Scholar Paper â€Å"Toxic Leadership† Rosella D. Scott Student # 110179 I. Introduction Webster dictionary defines â€Å"toxic† as containing or being poisonous material especially when capable of causing death or serious debilitation, exhibiting symptoms of infection or toxicities or extremely harsh, malicious, or harmful. Leadership† ,by definition is when an organizational role involves (1) establishing a clear vision, (2) sharing (communicating) that vision with others so that they will follow willingly, (3) providing the information, knowledge, and methods to realize that idea, and (4) coordinating and balancing the conflicting interests of all members or stakeholders. With that being said, the phase Toxic Leadership as a concept was coined by Marcia Lynn Whicker, in her book: â€Å"Toxic Leaders: When Organizations go bad† which is all about the abuse of power and its destructiveness. In this paper, we will explore the special characteristics of toxic leaders, the different styles and the Who, What and Why toxic leaders exists in an organization. II. Special Characteristics of Toxic Leaders When thinking of toxic leaders, we often look at certain traits or attributes where the leader is always rude too and screaming at their subordinates in order to get the job; this is one feature of toxic leaders. The leader can be know to always lie to their followers in order to make themselves look good or even intimidate their subordinates so that they’re feared. There may be hundreds of other characteristics that toxic leaders possess, what we will take a look is a few characteristics that are outlined in Marcia Lynn Whicker book: â€Å"Toxic Leaders: When Organizations Go Bad† [New York: Doubleday, 1996. ]: MALADJUSTED Leaders who are viewed as maladjusted are often behaving awkwardly in social settings; they’re unable to cope with everyday social situations and personal relationships. These so called leaders are maladjusted to their environment, their position, their business, and certainly to their supporters. MALCONTENT A leader that has a characteristic of being malcontent, they’re never satisfied with anything. They often look at past failures to find reasons to complain about something. My guess is that they may have a restless desire to strive for something that they do not have. MALEVOLENT Malevolent is defined as having, showing, or arising from intense often vicious ill will, spite, or hatred. Malevolence in leadership is the constant, severe hatred for others that these leaders have in order to counter their own insecurities. They often wish for the downfall of others and then often celebrate due to an individual’s misfortune. MALICIOUS Maliciousness is when a person has the intent of cause severe damage or harm to others. Leaders that have malicious intents are often looking for ways to deceive their followers in order to get the job done. Usually the ideology may seem link it has good intentions, but in reality it causes disruption and confusion amongst its followers. III. Different types of Toxic Leaders Style At first glance toxic leadership indicates an intimidating person that bullies others, but in reality a toxic leadership can be present in a meeker category or in a multitude of types between these extremes. The nature and degree of harm that results helps to characterize the toxic leader type. In â€Å"Bad Leadership: What It Is, How It Happens, Why It Matters,† Barbara Kellerman (2004) suggests that toxicity in leadership may be analyzed into seven different types: THE INCOMPETENT LEADER In order to effectively lead your subordinates; one must be a leader that has the competent I making it happen. Competent is about having the requisite (the necessary ability), qualities, knowledge or skill to do something successful. An Incompetent leader is an individual that may be good at delegating to the one’s (followers), who may be the subject matter expert, in getting goals accomplished. However, a leader must know his or job as well as the subordinates. It’s good to be book smart or being able to talk-the-talk, but they must also be able to walk-the-walk. The leader and at least some followers lack the will or skill (or both) to sustain effective action. With regard to at least one leadership challenge, they do not create positive change. Usually these leaders lack practical, academic or emotional intelligence. These leaders also are often careless, dense, distracted, slothful or sloppy or they are easily undone by uncertainty and stress, unable effectively to communicate or educate. THE RIGID LEADER The rigid leader is â€Å"stiff and unyielding† and is â€Å"unable or unwilling to adapt to new ideas, new information, or changing times. † This type of leader doesn’t adapt to change well. They are often view as â€Å"The Dinosaur†. They like the ways of the old but will often become extinct if unable to surround themselves around those who has the same thought process. Usually these type of leaders have the knowledge and the ability (competent) in getting the job done but their followers will become stagnate because they know how to perform the new way of business, but the â€Å"rigid† leader will continue to have them in the prehistoric era thus cost a decline in their overall productivity. THE INTEMPERATE LEADER The Intemperate is one who lacks self-control and is aided and abetted by followers who are unwilling or unable to effectively. It is said that we have a lot of these types of leaders. Point in case, The Rev. Jesses Jackson, who a few years ago was found to had a child with another women while he was married as well as a respected figure of this nation. This type of leader is similar to former President Bill Clinton with his extra marital affair while married and holding the highest office in the United States. Though people found these actions a surprise, but still follow these individuals. THE CALLOUS LEADER The callous leader is â€Å"uncaring or unkind†; ignored or discounted are the needs, wants, and wished of most members of the group or organization, especially subordinates. They have no desire to be concerned about the health or wealth of their followers; the callous leader has no compassion towards his or her followers. Their precedence usually does not align with their employees’ best interest. THE CORRUPT LEADER The corrupt leader is one who is motivated by power and greed. They and at least some followers lie, cheat, or steal. They put self-interest ahead of the public interest to a degree that exceeds the norm. These leaders are often not trusted, thus cause an organization to not fully develop. THE INSULAR LEADER While those in the inner circle of the insular leader may not suffer directly from his actions, there is a cost to others. The insular leader separates himself and his organization from everyone else and then utterly disregards the health and welfare of those not in his organization. To the insular leader, â€Å"human rights in general are less important than the rights, and even the needs and wants† of his or his followers. It might otherwise be commendable that the insular leader feels so strongly and will go to such lengths for his followers, but the cost is high to those outside of his following. Insular leadership may be observed primarily in the political arena where national boundaries are apparent and leader may have a tendency to protect their own constituents above all else. THE EVIL LEADER This â€Å"leader and at least some followers commit atrocities. They use pain as an instrument of power. † The evil leader must have loyal followers to remain in a position of authority. The evil leader uses pain as a way to obtain power; causing severe harm to others is central to this leader. IV. WHY DOES TOXIC LEADERSHIP HAPPEN? When we take a look the different examples of toxic leadership styles, we all can take a mental note that we’ve encountered someone that fits into this category. Needless to say, with the exception of the incompetent leader, history would show that these forms of leaders have had some form of short to long term success; being a leader is all about influencing people to get results for the good of the cause in most situations. In all aspect of live itself, we all are generally competitive. We compete to be number on. Whether it’s running for a political position, working hard to move up the â€Å"corporate ladder†, making good grades to be valedictorian in school, making money and the list can go on and on. The same concept applies to anyone that is in a leadership/management position, they strive to be forever number one; especially at the cost of others. I once had a leader tell that â€Å"you must step on the shoulders of others in order for you to move ahead. † What he said is basically true, now how you go about doing it is a different ball game. You can either do in a transformational style of leadership or transactional style of leadership. If we take a look at Eron situation, Bernie Madoff, Adoff Hitler and Muammar Gaddafi to just name a few would be considered Toxic leadership/leaders. If anyone was to do a thorough investigation of their background, you would notice that they were able to deceive others with their form of motivation in order to achieve their true intentions which were socially, morally and organizationally unacceptable. V. WHY IS TOXIC LEADERSHIP TOLERATED? It is my belief that toxic leadership is tolerated in the working environment due to the fact that it has become â€Å"norm. † This does not mean that anyone wants to be in a toxic leadership environment, it’s that we have learned to deal with or in most cases overcome it. At the follower and leader relationship, some people, in most cases are in fear of standing up against a toxic leader. They really don’t fear of what type of reprisal that would come from that leader, it is the fear of standing alone or being label as the â€Å"whinner† of the organization; this is just my assumption. From my experience, I’ve seen and known of situations where a leader was brutally toxic to its employees and nothing happened until this individual did something that would put their superiors in a negative spotlight. Usually with the leader and the leader’s superior relationship, if the leader is toxic but their subordinate’s productivity increased because of their toxic nature, the leaders superior would look away (sweep under the rug) because it’s making them look good in the eye’s of their superiors or society. Though this situation would seem both morally and ethically wrong, these are dilemmas that happen in an organization throughout the world. In most cases these norms has become a part of the business culture. VI. POSITIVE LEADERSHIP VERSES TOXIC LEADERSHIP? Can toxic leadership be cured? I would ask this question with a yes if superiors and senior leaders take decisive action(s), perhaps they can diminish the negative effects of toxic leadership. The decisive action on the part of the superiors is positive leadership itself. Leading, mentoring, coaching, training and educating in an accountable, honest, non-toxic manner may be the best way to eliminate toxic leadership within an organization; toxic leadership should not be rewarded. With that being said, positive leadership certainly exists in an organization, but it is difficult for it to have a positive impact on toxic leadership due to lack of knowledge and understanding. If an organization management system is not aware, the leadership is not either. Therefore, further research and then education is the first necessary step for positive leadership to have a dynamic impact. VII. CONCLUSION Toxic leadership exists in organizations throughout the world, and seems to be tolerated. It is doubtful that toxic leadership can be reduced; better detection and further study on the part of the more senior leadership within an organization could very well reduce its dysfunctional effects. In this paper, we have discussed that there are several personal characteristics and types of toxic leaders. Most if not all of them can be found in an organization to varying degrees. Detection in the early part of a leader’s career is a good first step toward decreasing the possibility of continuing or worsening toxic behavior. This acknowledgment and detection is critical and can only be achieved through further study and teaching of superiors as to the need to recognize it and take immediate action to disband it. Jean Lipman-Blumen, Allure of Toxic Leaders: Why We Follow Destructive Bosses nd Corrupt Politicians – and How We Can Survive Them (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, September 2004) Marcia Lynn Whicker, Toxic Leaders (Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 1996) Gary L. McIntosh and Samuel D. Rima, Overcoming the Dark Side of Leadership: The Paradox of Personal Dysfunction (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, November 1997) Barbara Kellerman, Bad Leadership: What It Is, How It Happens, Why It Matters (loc: Harvard Business School Publishing, September 2004) Bullis, Craig and Geroge Reed. Assessing Leaders to Establish and Maintain Positive Command Climate,† A Report to the Secretary of the Army, February 2003. Kellerman, Barbara. Bad Leadership: What It Is How It Happens, Why It Matters? Loc:Harvard Business School Publishing, September 2004. Lipman-Blumen, Jean. Allure of Toxic Leaders: Why We Follow Destructive Bosses and Corrupt Politicians – and How We Can Survive Them. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, September 2004. McIntosh, Gary L. and Samuel D. Rima. Overcoming the Dark Side of Leadership: The Paradox of Personal Dysfunction. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, November 1997. Viney, John. Drive: A Dissection of Leadership in Business and Beyond. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, April 1999 Whicker, Marcia Lynn. Toxic Leaders. Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 1996†³maladjusted. † The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2006. Encyclopedia. com. (January 17, 2011). http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1O999-maladjusted. html â€Å"maladjusted. † The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2011 from Encyclopedia. com: http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1O999-maladjusted. html Toxic Leadership Most often throughout the military negative leadership occurs within organization regardless of ranks and unit structure. The most common negative leadership that is displayed amongst leaders is toxic leadership. Army leaders accept the responsibility to develop and lead others to achieve results. A recent survey done by the United States Army confirms what most knowledgeable and professional NCOs already know – toxic leadership destroys units’ morale and leads to highly qualified Soldiers leaving the Army. A survey of more than 22,630 Soldiers from the rank of E-5 through O-6 and Army civilians showed that roughly one in five sees his or her superior as â€Å"toxic and unethical,† while only 27 percent believe that their organization allows the frank and free flow of ideas. The questions at hand is â€Å"What does Toxic Leadership really mean? † Webster Dictionary defines â€Å"toxic† as containing or being poisonous material especially when capable of causing death or serious debilitation, exhibiting symptoms of infection or toxicities or extremely harsh, malicious, or harmful. Leadership†, by definition is when an organizational role involves (1) establishing a clear vision, (2) sharing (communicating) that vision with others so that they will follow willingly, (3) providing the information, knowledge, and methods to realize that idea, and (4) coordinating and balancing the conflicting interests of all members or stakeholders. With that being said, the phas e Toxic Leadership as a concept was coined by Marcia Lynn Whicker, in her book: â€Å"Toxic Leaders: When Organizations go bad† which is all about the abuse of power and its destructiveness. The United States Army defines â€Å"toxic leadership† as a combination of self centered attitudes, motivations, and behaviors that have adverse effects on subordinates, the organization, and mission performance. This leader lacks concern for others and the climate of the organization, which leads to short – and long negative effects. The toxic leader operates with an inflated sense of self-worth and from acute self-interest. Toxic leaders consistently use dysfunctional behaviors to deceive, intimidate, coerce, or unfairly punish others to get what they want for themselves. If there is unresolved prolonged use of this negative leadership it may lead to influencing followers and undermines their will, initiative, and potentially destroys the unit morale. NCOs can teach junior Soldiers how to identify toxic leadership to help purge it from the ranks. Units can also implement a culture of mentorship so that Junior NCOs understand the importance of a positive leadership style. Throughout my 19 years of military service I have learned that a lot of leaders are very confused about the meaning of toxic leadership due failure to educate leaders on this topic or understanding the written verbiage within the policies and regulatory guidance given due to educational or mental deficiencies. Most often this type of behavior and leadership style are displayed within Senior Non- Commissioned Officers and Commissioned Officers. The Army wants to rid top ranks of toxic leadership and working diligently every day to flush toxic leaders from their ranks. There are currently three cases of bad leadership that affects the United States Military. The first case is â€Å"extreme†Ã¢â‚¬â€lack of concern (self before service), domineering (distrust of others, and uncompromising behaviors led to a work environment of paranoia and leadership by fear and intimidation). The second case of bad leadership is â€Å"moderate† – punitive, argumentative, overbearing, always right, didn’t listen to other opinions, quick to react, and constantly putting team members down as incompetent, conducting daily nonproductive meetings, playing silly games, displays no knowledge of mission requirements nor concern for the mission or welfare of the organization’s military, civilian and contract members. Lastly the third case of bad leadership is â€Å"negative, but not concerning† – Information flow does not flow freely and leaders resisted input from others and micromanagement. General Dempsey stated â€Å"ten years of continuous operations have strained the force†. He also stated â€Å"It’s important to remember that the vast majority of leaders in the Army are very good and are deeply committed to leading our nation’s sons and daughters. † The recent military draw down and continuous operations has resulted in a lot of followers are being left behind and the true leaders are continuing Their life in the civilian world due to the inaffectablility to adapt with the changes amongst the military and troops. We should not settle or accept second-best; even if just a portion of our leaders aren’t performing. We need to take a look at it, because leadership produces more leaders and not more followers. According to recent reports, toxic leaders commonly exhibit these behaviors: avoiding subordinates, behaving aggressively toward others, denigrating subordinates, hoarding information, hoarding job tasks, blaming others for their own problems, being overly critical of work that is done well, and intentionally intimidating others. They also routinely see their subordinates as disposable instruments rather than people, have a destructive personality or interpersonal skills that are detrimental to the command climate, and appear motivated primarily by self-interest. The point that I have absorb from this report is toxic leadership should not be confused with incompetent leadership or those not exhibiting effective leadership behavior. They also work diligently to promote themselves at the expense of their subordinates, unit and the Army profession without considering long-term ramifications to their subordinates. Sometimes leaders and subordinates often confuse the difference between leaders and managers. There are listed skills desired in managers, while the skills set do overlap in many ways with the term â€Å"leaders lead. † Definition of the term â€Å"leaders lead† –they are always out front, they make the decisions and take responsibility for the outcome of those decisions, good or bad. Managers merely convince, cajole and mentor subordordinates to accomplish a task as often times making sure there is enough blame to go around. Leaders has compassion, supportive, humility and care for their s subordinate. They are unbiased, great listeners, firm but fair. Some of Leaders remarkable skills are having great effective communication with their subordinates and always provides purpose, direction and motivation. The one main thing that people don’t know is leaders and managers are similar, because in order to be an effective leader you will have good managerial skills and traits. Summary Integrity of character is the foundation of a great leader. To use a metaphor, it is what you build your very being up from, if you so choose. The building blocks of leadership are built upon the value of integrity, loyalty, trust and fairness. Each and every block represents the values, virtues and principles that will help to house your team. It will be built with duty, honor, courage, commitment, selfless service, respect, justice, Judgment, dependability, initiative, decisiveness, tact, enthusiasm, bearing, unselfishness, knowledge, loyalty, and endurance. It will be a strong structure if you build with these traits properly and effectively. You need to make sure the leadership â€Å"structure† your teamwork’s in is built with these things. Within that strong structure your team will be safe and secure. A leader’s ability to have situational awareness of the environment they are encountering is obviously developed over time, experience, trial and error. Once a leader can master the â€Å"push button† ability to adapt the style to the circumstances, that leader’s successes will increase and team morale will improve. And guess what – They will never become a toxic leader. I truly will like to give SGM Kemper my gratitude for giving me guidance and direction to learn more about toxic leadership. I have learned through extensive research that throughout my military career I have had the privilege of working with great leaders and bad. Leaders have been placed throughout my military path to groom me to become a great leader instead of a toxic. Even though I encountered toxic leadership I was able to depict a lot of good leadership traits and skills from my superiors to help me take a self evaluation and categorize myself in the good leader category. I will never say that I am perfect and will never display it, but I can say that I am a working progress that is open for professional development and grooming from great leaders. Toxic leadership is extremely hard to detect from one or possibly three individual point of view, but accurately possible from the team, unit or command.

My Philosophy of a teacher Essay

What makes a good instructor? There are lots of factors, which determine the answer to this question, and one of the most important aspects of being a good teacher is, I believe, the teaching strategy of a teacher. I think that teachers play a very important role in molding the career of a student emotionally, technically and intellectually. A good teacher is a person who works with a single powerful goal in mind: working for the best interests of all the students, which help them, succeed socially and academically. I certainly don’t agree with the statement made by Dunny that a good teacher is just about knowing the curriculum and forcing the stuff on the students without taking much interest in it. I think that if this thought of dunny materializes, I can’t imagine the level of deterioration in education and true knowledge in the students. Being a good teacher does not mean a person with all the bookish knowledge imparting it to the students without taking a personal interest in the subject. Involving your whole self into the subject and helping the students to realize the main morale of the situation follows true knowledge and not the cramming of books. Also, I think that if a teacher pays greater attention to every student’s personal interests, it will help them to succeed in their career intellectually as well as morally. Besides imparting the curriculum on the students, a teacher has the responsibility of shaping the youths of their class with the knowledge and social experiences they will need to improve their future, so it is very important for a teacher to go beyond the curriculum and impart true knowledge. How can you expect a senior year student to succeed in college if he/she hasn’t got any preparation for the transition by the high school teachers? A true teacher in that case would bring a college like atmosphere into the classroom, which would help the students prepare for the way things would be in college. This is just a small example of what teachers are for, to educate students on more than just books or academics but on life. Teachers are more than just people who relay information about a certain subject. Being a teacher means being a mentor to someone who desperately needs a  mentor: providing love and understanding to someone who may not receive it at home: taking care of someone who is hurt: teaching students to be a success in life and being responsible for their future. The personal satisfaction of giving a new hope to the future citizens of the country greatly surpasses all the negative and strenuous aspects of the job. Learning needs to be fun and hands on as much as possible in order to keep the children interested and eager to learn and this is only possible if the teacher takes personal interest in the curriculum he/she teaches. If students are taught in a way that they will remember, then in the future they will be able to put this knowledge to use practically. If a teacher follows â€Å"the Dunny rule† in class, the students will grow rebellious eventually they may turn up to cursing and screaming in class due to the lack of enjoyment in the knowledge they are being imparted. This results in deviation of the schools main goal: To make their students succeed in life. Finally, I believe that the real duty of a teacher is to foster love for learning and take true interest in the knowledge he/she is imparting to all the students. This includes allowing students to take ownership of their learning, shape their instruction and ultimately give them the choice of success or failure depending on their own sense of responsibility. Thus, I believe that to be a successful teacher, not only one has to impart the knowledge in the curriculum but also prepare the students for life and this is only possible when the teacher takes personal interest in his/her subject while teaching and helps every student to succeed in academics as well as Life, beca use what matters finally is ‘Life’.

Free Market vs Planned Economy

A market economy is an economic system where the factors of production, are privately owned, consumers and producers are motivated by self interest, the level of competition in the markets is very high and resources are allocated through the price mechanism. The definition is supported by Lipsey (1992) who also state that decisions about resources allocation are made without any central direction but instead as a result of innumerable independent decision taken by individual producers & consumers hence in the market economy the individuals or market makes the ultimate decision in allocation of resources. Whereas the planned economy is one in which the coordination of economic activity so essential to the viability and functioning of a complex social economy is undertaken through administrative means commands, directives, targets and regulations rather than by market mechanism. The dictionary. com defined this economic system as a socialist economic system in which production and distribution of goods and services are controlled by the government and industry is mostly publicly owned. Provision of public goods These are goods that are non rivalry in consumption and non excludability as alluded by Stanlake (2000) He also added the examples of public goods which includes national defences, the police service, flood control schemes, street lighting, pavements and public drainage hence they often have large external benefits relative to private benefits. In a market economy, production of public goods will not be provided or is limited because producers cannot withhold the goods for non –payment since there is no way of measuring how much a person consumes, there is no basis for establishing a market price. However in a planned economy there is provision of such goods because the government makes all decisions on what is produced. Hall (2010) mentioned that public goods cannot be provided privately because of their non diminishability and non –excludability that is consumers take a free ride since no one can be excluded from consuming them so it is almost impossible for a private firm to get anyone to pay for a public good. In a planned economy the state can finance the provision of public goods like defence and police service, by means of taxation and sometimes borrowing, local authorities provide street lighting and flood control can be provided by giving contracts to private sector firms. Production and consumption of merit and demerit goods According to Lipsey (1992), merit goods are those goods that the government compels or encourages people to consume, mainly because individuals are said to be unaware of the true benefits from consuming them. He also added that demerits goods are those goods which the state forbids people to consume mainly because individual are said to be unaware of the true harm they would suffer by consuming them. The best known examples of merit goods are health, education systems, insurance, inoculation and seat belts. The provision of merit goods in a free market economy tent to be under provided because spending on merit goods by the consumer would be determined by the private benefits derived from them. Like in United State of America where the free market is practised, the public health system compromised, people are advised to buy health insurance. The poor might not be able to afford this and some people might simply decide not to bother if they feel particularly health. In cases of seat belts consumers may fail to recognise their true private benefits hence less demand and less supply in a free economy. The demerit goods include cigarettes, alcohol and illegal drugs. These are over consumed in a market system because consumers may be unaware of the true cost of consuming them which includes negative externalities. As highlighted by Hall (2010) a planned economy there is an increase in the production and consumption of merit goods because the government considers them to be highly desirable for the welfare of the citizens. In this economic system the government has central authority to make decisions on the commodities to be produced hence emphasis will be placed on the production of merit goods and consumption of demerits will be reduced. The state can increase the production of merit goods by providing free state education and national health services. Contracts for services like refuse collection can be given to private sector firms. The government can also encourage the consumption of merit goods by providing information about the benefits of inoculation and passing legislation requiring vehicles to take and pass the vehicle inspection tests. In the command economy production and consumption of demerit goods is reduced with the purpose of reducing health problems for the economy. The government achieve this by taxing cigarettes and alcohol heavily and ban all dangerous drugs to prevent consumption. As well as roviding information about their harmful effects to the consumers. Consumer sovereignty Lipsey (1992:84) state that â€Å"market allocation are sometimes said to demonstrate consumer sovereignty that is to imply that the consumer is king and decides what shall be produced† This was supported by Stanlake (2000)who stipulates that the freedom of consumer choice is usually held to be the most important in the free econom y. It can be deduced that the consumer has the control, only the products that the consumer wants are produced. The more competitive the market structure, the more power the consumer will have. There is a higher level of consumer sovereignty in market economy than in planned economies. The government estimates the type of products it considers the individuals to want whilst in market economies producers are motivate by profit thus they have the incentives to respond quickly to change in consumer preferences. In a free market economy consumers benefit from lower cost goods and better services because business are forced to compete whilst in a planned economy there is no competition since the government is the only supplier. Equity in income distribution Equity is regarded as fairness. The market economy provides opportunities for people to earn income and acquire wealth but the opportunities for earning an income are no equally distribute. People do not have equal opportunities in education. Some are also limited in their capacity to learn or they may have acquired a skill only to find the demand for that skill is declining. If one starts a life with very little, and do not even get a good education, and then there will be very little protection from destitution. This discrimination in the free market economies distorts earnings and can result in people from minority groups and disabled earning less for the same work as able bodied. The market system does not guarantee that everyone will have the same opportunity to accumulate wealth and hence an inequality. It is argued that the planned economy can lead to more equal distribution of income and wealthy since the production factors are controlled by the state. A command economy mighty not have the efficiency and enterprise for the successful of many people but at least the government will try to make sure that nobody falls through the safety net. REFERENCES LIST Beardshaw,J. et. al (1998) Economics a student`s guide,5th Edition, Prentice Hall. Dictionary.com unabridged. Available at http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/market economy (accessed 3July 2013) Hall, R. and Lebierman,M.(2010)Microeconomic principle and application,5th Edition,Cengage learning Lipsey, R. and Harbury, C.(1992)Principals of economics,2nd Edition, Oxford: Oxford university press. Lipsey, R. and Chrystal, A.(1995)An introduction to positive economics ,8TH edition, London: Oxford university press. Stanlake, G. and Grant, S.(2000)Introductory economics, 7th Edition,London:Longman.

Five Approaches for Qualitative Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Five Approaches for Qualitative Research - Essay Example Thus, the research study critically evaluates the role of theory in qualitative research in relation to leadership styles employed by both directors of nursing and social services in promotion of psychosocial well-being of nursing home residents. The role of the theory in the grounded theory, narrative, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography and case study influence the research study in different ways. First, theory plays significant role of influencing research design such as enabling leaders to make vital decisions about things to research and implementation of research questions. Therefore, theory underpins qualitative research methodologies; hence, it can have an implication on data analysis and interpretation. The main role of theory is to influence the research; thus offering practical guidance to the researchers in order to enable them become aware of what the theory has to perform and the way it affects research design. Keele (2011) argues that the quality of a qualitative research analysis is influenced depending on the way the researcher attends to theoretical concerns at varied research process; the theoretical concerns plays significant role at all stages of research design. Although many nursing practition ers have tended to ignore the theory because they believe that they work on reality, understanding the role that theory play, in both five qualitative research approaches is significant. Grounded theory is an effective method employed by researcher and it utilizes the data obtained for developing or finding a theory in research study process. Grounded theory was developed by Glaser Barney and Strauss Anselm, and it has a particular purpose which moves beyond narrative or description approach (Creswell and Creswell, 2007). Both directors of nursing and social services can use grounded theory in discovering and generating a theory that will enable them to find the impact that their leadership styles can have on the

How does diversity of employment affect the welfare(income per person) Dissertation

How does diversity of employment affect the welfare(income per person) in cities of America - Dissertation Example The initial variables included in the model were average education level of population, median age, unemployment rate, income tax rate and coastal city and a dummy variable equal to identify cities with welfare. Additional variables for inclusion in the model are still being considered, for example, transfer payments. It is important to hypothesize the expected relationship between the independent variables and the income per person. The higher average education level of the population in a city should increase the level of welfare, since, education is known to have a salutary effect on the income of a person. For median age, one would expect the welfare to increase up to a certain point and then begin to decrease after a certain peak age. This certain age, perhaps, between the ages of 18-50, as suggested in the literature, but, it is difficult to determine the sign of the coefficient for median age. It is possible there is a non linear relationship between welfare and age, with inco me increasing with age up to a certain point and then beginning to decrease after a certain age. A higher unemployment rate should lead to decrease in income, based on theory.

History of Mathematics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History of Mathematics - Essay Example The Pythagorean idea of the world was that natural numbers were the answer to the different secrets of humans and matter. They thought that everything was made up of numbers, the reason for what anything was could only be figured out in numbers (Early Concepts of Number and Number Mysticism). For the numbers from 1 to 10, each number has a special property. The number 1 is a monad and stands for unity because it is the cause of the other numbers and in number, mysticism is the number of reason. The number 2 is called a dyad for diversity or opinion and is mystically the first female number (all the even numbers are called female in many early cultures). The number 3 is a triad and means harmony because it adds up unity (number 1) plus diversity (number 2) and is considered the first male number (all the odd numbers are male in many early cultures). Number 4 is the number for justice or the squaring of accounts (number 2 squared). Number 5 is for marriage because the number 2 (first female) plus the number 3 (first male) equals the number 5. Number 6 is for creation because the number 2 (first female) plus the number 3 (first male) plus 1 more monad equals 6. The Number 10 is for the Universe because as tetractys it is the sum of all possible dimensions in geometry.

Impact of Hub Airports on a Community or City Research Paper

Impact of Hub Airports on a Community or City - Research Paper Example The concept of the Hub-and-spokes system was to concentrate traffic to one airport- the major hub from smaller national airports (known as the spokes) or other means of transport, and then the gathered group of passengers would be transported from the major hub to another major hub.† (AviationKnowledge, 2010) In addition to commercial airline hubs, companies such as FedEx, DHL, UPS, and other major carriers of air freight & cargo services may also operate airport hubs to facilitate the efficient delivery of their parcels and goods for transport. Some airports will be integrated commercial and air freight operations, while others will be dedicated and specialized to only one mode of operation dependent on the location. Furthermore, some airport hubs will be operated by a single or limited number of carriers, while other hubs will serve multiple carriers at the same location. Along with these main characteristics, hub airports also impact the local community and cities surroundin g them through: Requiring infrastructure development – hubs are typically larger than other airports and require more land for their operation, along with the building & roads to serve the facility, placing an investment requirement on the community. Jobs and business expansion – airport hubs promote an entire ecosystem of support businesses to serve the people who work in them – these include hotels, restaurants, stores, gas stations, shopping facilities, transportation, etc. Environmental Concerns – hub airports and frequent passenger air jet travel can have significant impact on local environments, including wildlife, air, water, and sound pollution, waste disposal management problems, etc. A step by step overview of the development of a hub airport shows the degree to which the effects of the construction and operation will ripple into the community. At the first stage, there is location, architectural design, and construction of the

Is it free market or regulated financial systems that underpin Essay

Is it free market or regulated financial systems that underpin long-term economic success and effective corporate governance - Essay Example he financial system through restrictions, laws, requirements and guidelines aimed at influencing the economic outcome, protecting the consumers or environment as well as maintaining the integrity or stability of the financial system. The major problem is that any occurrence of financial crises has been perceived as a failure of the governments or other relevant institutions to apply the necessary regulatory control measures to avert such financial crises (Bernanke, 2000, p.21). On the other hand, the increased government involvement in matters of both market and financial systems regulation has been perceived as highhandedness on the part of the government, and thus criticized on the basis of stifling the free operation of the markets. Thus, either way, the law of unintended consequences always applies. The issue of the operation of the economy and the markets is a tricky one, due to the fact that a complete lack of control of the economic operations by the government makes economic crises more likely and severe in the future (Doepke and Schneider, 2010, p.72). Generally, government or formal regulation that is too heavy may stifle future financial efficiency, while at the same time hindering innovation (Meltzer, 2004, p.163). However, although free market is necessary for economic growth, many critics argue that it may not be sufficient condition for economic success and effective corporate governance. This paper seeks to critically compare the free market and the regulated market systems with a view to evaluating whether it is free market or regulated financial systems that underpin long-term economic success and effective corporate governance using the five major economies namely the USA, UK, Japan, Germany and China as case studies. There are a number of theories that have sought to explain the potential impacts of different financial systems on the overall long term economic success of a country and effective corporate governance. For example, the Theory of

How is the contemporary globalization altering or undermining the Essay

How is the contemporary globalization altering or undermining the Westphalian order - Essay Example For the efficient functioning of the world order, the competence of these four principles is important. Functioning as nation –state block, the responsibility of the Westphalian system is to provide welfare for its citizens, the defense around its boundaries, internal order and civic engagement. The role of the Westphalian system in the execution of these duties has been greatly affected by the growing importance of the contemporary globalization. The concept of globalization may be defined as ‘a fundamental shift of transformation in the spatial scale of human social organization that links distant communities’. Globalization helps the human activities to shift from the constricted boundaries of the nation-state to the entire globe itself (Valaskakis, 2000). Due to the rise of the multi national corporations, the globalization of production, which paved way for the mass migration of the skilled labor, trans- border movement of the entrepreneurs, technology etc, i s introduced. Globalization happening in various sectors at a rapid speed makes permanent marks on the face of the Westphalian world order. In the economic sector, the emergence of the international corporations has changed the perspective of the global business. Subjects of a country no longer produce goods only for the local market. People do not entertain thoughts of patriotism when they buy a product in the market. They are primarily interested whether the product is cheap and is of good quality. A consumer uses goods in his day to day life which are probably manufactured in countries he has never visited. The corporations do not want their product to have a national identity since it becomes a burden in the global market (Suter, 2006, p.4). Since the national governments lost control over their economies and hence are unable to provide employment for its citizens, the transnational corporations move across boundaries and encourage intertwining of national economies (Suter, 2006 , p.4) thereby creating job opportunities around the globe. The real power to organize production and marketing of goods rests with the multinational corporations and hence the global financial markets get to determine to which countries the terms of credit go (Mc Grew,p.8). Hence the significance of the role of the national governments in the financial sector is greatly reduced due to contemporary globalization. At the same time, the economic restructuring of countries ‘in response to globalization requirements tend to produce civil strife in structurally vulnerable states’ (Conteh-Morgan, 2006, p.3). Due to free global market competition, the disparities in individual income have become greater which lead to frustration, anger and hostility in states (Conteh-Morgan, 2006, p.3). This makes the nation susceptible to state failure and collective violence. Structurally weak states like the African countries failed to support mercantilism and could not provide national sup port under globalization pressures which made the states work for the upper class at the expense of the lower class (Conteh-Morgan, 2

A report on workforce education Essay Example for Free

A report on workforce education Essay The purpose of this paper is to address ideas that I learned this semester relating to the topic of workforce education. Specifically, I will address the mission of workforce education, the role of work, foundational components of workforce development and some of the forces that affect the nature of work. The Mission of Workforce Education Workforce education is defined as a level of education provided by private business and industry, or government-sponsored, community-based organizations. It is used to increase opportunity in the labor market or solve human performance problems in the workplace. This definition suggests two missions of workforce education. One mission is to promote individual opportunity in the labor market, to teach individuals the required skills needed to reach career goals and to be competitive. The second mission is to solve workplace problems by improving the workers performance. This helps the economy by increasing productivity. Roles of Work One role of work is social identity. In the United States, a person is defined by what they do, their job, career, or occupation. In most instances, we Americans introduce ourselves by name and occupation. Another work role is that of class. Most Americans are in middle-class. The status of middle-class is defined by social, economic, and education status. These three characteristics all apply to different types of occupations: blue collar, laborer, white-collar, professional, scholar, doctor, lawyer, etc. These types of occupations correspond to different education levels and salary levels. Finally, the role of work gives an individual self-worth. Aside from economic reasons, many people who are beyond retirement age choose to continue to work. There are all types of reasons, from boredom to need of a routine, or to get out of the house; people continue to work, even if they dont have the need to do so. Foundational Components of Workforce Development The are a number of foundational components of workforce development. They fall into political, socio-economic, or social categories. The following components are addressed below: 1) Supply and Demand; 2) Human Capital Investment; 3) Workforce Productivity; 4) Work Ethics; and 5) Family Influences. 1. Supply and Demand When the demand for workers exceeds the supply, or if the supply of worker exceeds the demand, the labor pool is either reduced or increased. The ideal situation for the national economy and for individuals is when supply equals demand. In the technical fields, there is a demand that exceeds the supply of technicians. This has affected the development of the workforce. 2. Human Capital Investment Labor is considered the most important component of national wealth. Therefore, the workforce must be of a high quality. To ensure a high quality workforce, it is vital that investments are towards the workforce. In theory, investment in human capital will lead to greater economic outputs. Individuals with advanced skills earn higher salaries. 3. Workforce Productivity The output of goods and services that results from an hour of labor is workforce productivity. The skill-level of a worker correlates with the wage-level. An example would be that a high-skills worker would receive a high wage. Workforce education is a must to bring the workforce to the level of skill necessary to support high wages. 4. Work Ethics An appropriate work ethic is a fundamental characteristic needed by employees. Many workforce educators overlook the Level I skills (on-time to work, basic courtesies to co-worker, etc. ) and do not address work ethic as a basic fundamental need. 5. Family Influences the socioeconomic status of a family is related to the career development, socialization, and career choices of children. This is referred to as the status attainment model. The basic concept is that ones parents social status affects the level of schooling achieved which affects the occupational level achieved. Recently, the concepts of mental ability and socio/psychological processes have been added to this model. Forces Which Affect the Character of Work The are many forces that affect the character of work. The most constant attribute about these forces is that they are always a factor in affecting work. Five of them are described below: 1) Technology, Information, and Power; 2) Stress; 3) Free Trade; 4) The Global Economy; and 5) Downsizing and Reorganization. 1. Technology, Information, and Power Advanced technology has changed the distribution of power and information in organizations.

Application Of Mechatronics In Automobiles Engineering Essay

Application Of Mechatronics In Automobiles Engineering Essay Most of them spend lot of time with their Automobiles. Every ones expectations is for better performance, safe to drive, user friendly and security in the ongoing development of Automobiles. Modern mechatronics can be applied to make their expectations come true with smarter mechanisms, via improved efficiencies, speed controls and system interaction. Disclaimer I declare the following to be my own work, unless otherwise referenced, as defined by the Universitys policy on plagiarism. Introduction Before the evolution of Information technology and microprocessor embedded mechanical systems, Mechatronics was simple and mainly focused on servo-technology, such as automotive door openers, servo valves and AC/DC servo motors etc. Nowadays the mechanical systems are reliable, accurate and have a very high efficiency especially in automobiles with electronic engine controls technology that enabled the on-impact triggering of airbags, evolution of sophisticated sensors, active and passive safety devices has predicted a record in car navigation system. 4.0 Applications 4.1 Car engine management Fig: 1 Car engine management Car engine management system consists of many electronic control systems involving microcontrollers, the engine control system being one, its aim is to control the amount of fuel to be injected into each cylinder, ignition, Engine revolution limit, turbochargers wastage control, variable cam timing and gear controls. The system consists of sensors supplying, after suitable signal conditioning, the input signals to the microcontroller and its providing output signals via drivers to actuate actuators. Figure: 1 shows some of these elements in relation to an engine. The engine speed sensor is an inductive sensor, basically a toothed metal disk mounted on the crank shaft and stationary detector that functions to cover a magnetic coil through which the current passes through, as these metal teeth begins moving past the coil, the magnetic field is distracted and thus a wave of pulses in the current is created. The temperature sensor is usually a thermistor whose resistance varies according to the temperature. The mass air flow sensor may be a hot wire sensor, as air passes over a heated wire it will be cooled, the amount of cooling depending on the mass rate of flow. When temperature reaches more than 300 centigrade the sensor becomes permeable to oxygen ions and a voltage is induced between the electrodes. [Ref 5] 4.2 Electronic stability control These control system uses sophisticated sensors, the cars central computer and mechanical actions for a safe drive. The electronic stability control system doesnt work by itself, it also uses the cars other safety and regulatory devices, to correct problems before they get into accidents. 4.2.1 Yaw control sensor This sensor is located as close as possible to the centre of the car. If the experiences a movement in vertical or side by side axis the Electronic stability system detects that car is swinging, as soon as it detects it activates the brake system and reduce the throttle to lower the speed. The sensor differentiate between the direction of the steering wheel and the direction the car is headed, the cars computer then makes necessary corrections to bring the vehicles direction of travel in line. [Ref 1] Fig: 2 Sensor fusion of a car ESC (Electronic stability control) information fed into the cars central computer through 3 types of sensor 4.2.2 Wheel speed sensors Wheel speed sensor is used to measure the speed of the wheel with which the computer can then compare to the speed of the engine. This sensor is located at each wheel. [Ref 1] 4.2.3 Steering angle sensors It measures the direction the driver aims to drive the car, if it is deviated from the cars actual direction, the ESC system will come in line. This sensor is located at the steering column of a car. [Ref 1] 4.2.4 Rotational speed sensors The sensor consists of a magnetoresistive sensor element. The frequency of the digital current output signal is proportional to the rotational speed of the gear wheel. 4. Cruise control acceleration and deceleration The cruise control system controls the speed of a car by adjusting the throttle position. Instead of pressing a pedal, cruise control actuates the throttle valve by a cable connected to an actuator. The throttle valve controls the power and speed of the engine by limiting how much air the engine takes in. In Figure 3, you can see two cables connected to a pivot that moves the throttle valve. One cable comes from the accelerator panel, and another from the actuator. When the actuator is engaged, it adjusts the throttle by moving the cable connected to the pivot, when the cruise control system is engaged the pedal moves up and down since the actuator also pulls on the cable that is connected to the gas pedal. [Ref 2] Fig: 3 One cable is connected to the gas pedal, the other to the vacuum actuator. In most of the cars the throttle unit is controlled by the actuators powered by engine vacuum. These systems use a small, electronically-controlled valve to regulate the vacuum in a diaphragm. This works in a similar way to the brake booster, which provides power to the brake system. [Ref 2] Fig: 4 The electronically-controlled vacuum actuator that controls the throttle 4.3.1 4.4 Airbag Inflation The goal of an airbag is to inflate rapidly during automobile collision and prevent the passengers from striking interior objects. Majority cases of death are due to air bags and seat belt is not worn. There are three parts to an airbag that help to achieve its function Fig: 6 the airbag and inflation system stored in the steering wheel Fig: 7 the airbag and inflation system stored in the steering wheel The bag itself is made up of a thin nylon fabric, which is folded into the steering wheel or dashboard or, more recently, the seat or door. Advance systems have solid state crash sensors that contain a piezoelectric crystal or a micro machined accelerometer, a device used to measure acceleration or vibration shock built into a microchip that produces an electrical signal when jolted. The airbags inflation system is by the reaction of sodium azide with potassium nitrate to produce nitrogen. Hot blasts of the nitrogen inflate the airbag. [Ref 3] 4.5 Power door locks In this system the door lock/unlock switch actually sends power to the actuators that unlock the door. In more complicated systems, the body controller decides when to do the unlocking. The body controller is similar to a computer which monitors all of the possible sources of locking and unlocking signal in a car. The system monitors the radio frequency and unlocks the doors when the correct digital code is received from the radio transmitter. When the actuator moves the latch up, it connects the outside door handle to the opening mechanism. When the latch is down, the outside door handle is disconnected from the mechanism so that it cannot be opened. Fig: 8 Inside a car door In a specific interval of time, the body controller supply power to the door lock actuator to unlock the door. The construction of actuator system is very simple. A small electric motor turns a series of spur gears that serve as a gear reduction. The last gear drives a rack-and-pinion gear set that is connected to the actuator rod. The rotational motion of the motor is converted to linear motion by the rack in order to move the lock. [Ref 5] 4.6 Conclusion Mechatronics can be defined as the intersection of mechanics, electronics, computers and controls. The synergistic use of aspects of each of these fields in designing products and processes is driving advances in automobiles the actual cars and components, as well as the equipment needed to build, diagnose and service them.

Mysticism In Wordsworths Poetry English Literature Essay

Mysticism In Wordsworths Poetry English Literature Essay William Wordsworth and Coleridge are the two pioneers of the English Romantic Movement who changed the dry, sterile rationalism in English poetry in a new era by establishing the primacy and sovereignty of insight and imaginative vision in literature and in life. William Wordsworth has an amazing capacity for expressing personal beliefs and thoughts. According to the Romantics, imagination is the only way of perceiving and realizing the one in the many, the abiding behind the flux, the infinite behind the finite, the eternal behind ephemeral, and the transcendent behind the immanent. Romantic vision is on the basis of the ultimate priority and superiority of imagination over the logical and speculative reason of the human mind while it does not deny or belittle the limited values and utility of the latter in human life. It appreciates the view that the realms of experience are so high that cannot be explored and comprehended by finite human reason. And it is only the imagination which can offer fleeting flashes of profound and penetrating insight into the heart of the reality. Imagination based on direct intuitive insight or flashes of immediate awareness is a faculty that transcends but does not reject the reason and intellect of man (Barker 5). Wordsworth emphasizes the great importance and power of imagination when he very per ceptibly says: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..Imagination, which, in truth, Is but another name for absolute power And clearest insight, amplitude of mind, And reason in her most exalted mood. (Prelude, Book IV) While reason divides, disrupts and dissociates things, imagination links, unifies and binds them together. Thus in sharp contrast to the Cartesian metaphysics of Descartes which maintains a dichotomy between matter and spirit, microcosm (man) and macrocosm (universe), the Romantic imagination finds in the entire universe between the sentient living beings as well as inanimate objects, a bond of all-embracing unity, solidarity and fellowship. Another distinctive feature of the Romantic imagination is the experience of owe, wonder, ecstasy or rapture and reverence aroused in the perceivers mind when it contemplates and communes with the things of the universe. Such awe ­ inspiring or rapturous supernatural (or numinous) experience is a vital factor in Romantic experience and the prime source of its vitality and intensity. William Wordsworth is one of the greatest imaginative Romantic poets whose style and poems are always distinguished from other Romantic poets because of his illumined spiritual vision as a mystic. Romantic imagination reached to its climax, its crowning revelation and consummation in the Wordsworths mysticism. Mysticism could be considered as the quintessence of Wordsworths poetry and the supreme source of its inspiration (Mackay 110). Mysticism, broadly defined, is a state of sublime imaginative and spiritual experience in which one has direct, immediate and intuitive perception of an all-embracing infinite and eternal reality the immanent-transcendent Absolute Being underlying and pervading but also transcending the sensible material universe. It is the sense of God in all and all in God. It is this sense of one ultimate Divine principle permeating all things and all life of the universe as well as guiding, cherishing and sustaining them that inspires the mystic to conceive the vision of the ultimate divine unity of the universe, of all life. Mystic imagination sees a living relationship between the soul of man and the soul of the universe a vision of cosmic unity, fraternity and fellowship.   The mysticism of Wordsworth is something unique in its kind, though there are some characteristics that can be seen in all modes of mysticism. It is a type of Nature-mysticism. Wordsworth mystical experiences are mainly depicted in the context of his treatment of nature. He had never limited his poems within the confined boundaries of the sights, sounds, odors, and movements of various elements of nature. His aim was to attain something ultra-earthly and divine and leaving the traces of his mystical experiences in nature and human life in his poetry. So his poetry is not simply just talking about the lovely and tranquil aspects of nature but it also covers his mystical experiences. Though it is consist of a certain degree of affinity to Spinozistic pantheism, it is not absolutely the same thing because it does not consider Nature as the be-all and end-all of the universe or equate and identify it with the Supreme Divine Spirit. Wordsworths mysticism also differs from the Neoplatonic mysticism of Plotinus or the Christian mysticism of St. John of the Cross and St. Augustine. But it has something of the sublime beatific vision of Blake or the glowing paradisal vision of Dante. Like all true mystics Wordsworth believes that human life has a divine origin and divine destiny (Wyman 517). As he said in his Ode on Intimations of Immortality: Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting; The soul that rises with us, our lifes star Hath had elsewhere its setting And cometh from afar; But trailing clouds of glory do we come From Gold, who is our home Man is introduced as an essentially divine and immortal spirit in wordsworth poems as we repeatedly see such phrases like the Pilgrim of Eternity or the Child of Immortality which proves his fervent and glowing faith as the most genuine mystic poet of all ages. It is evident that he believes so deeply in infinity as he says: Our destiny, our beings heart and home, I Is with infinitude, and only there; and that the great thought by which we live is infinity and God. Wordsworths love of Nature and the way Nature is glorified, worshiped and divinized is apparent in his verse. Wordswoths attitude towards Nature is somehow different from other Romantic poets of his age. For instance, although Shelley shares some common characteristics with Wordsworths viewpoint on Nature but he also attempts to intellectualize and conceptualize Nature transforming the object of Nature into some dogmatic socio-political doctrine, ideology or an abstract idea, as in Ode to the West Wind, while Wordsworths vision of Nature is constantly and consistently spiritual.   For Wordsworth, the vision of Nature always represents the vision of the Divine spirit, the vision of that Cosmic Being. So Shelley on the basis of a Wordsworthian spirit describs in his illuminating and soul-stirring lines: That Light whose smile kindles the Universe, That Beauty in which all things work and move, That Benediction which the eclipsing curse Of birth can quench not, that sustaining Love Which through the web of being blindly move By man and beast and earth and air and sea, Burns bright or dim, as each are mirrors of The fire for which all thirst: .. (Lament for Adonais) Wordsworths worship and adoration of Nature was never inspired by passion for aesthetic beauty, elegance and splendor. All forms and objects, aspects and appearances of Nature  ­whether graceful, lovely and magnificent or somber, awe inspiring and forbidding alike stirred and stimulated his visionary imagination, for they all of them were to him equally the living emblems and images of the Divine spirit, the hieroglyphics of divinity. How even the dreary, appalling and awesome spectacles of Nature could bring intimations of the Divine Reality and profoundly impress on his mind its sublimity, majesty and grandeur is vividly revealed in one of the celebrated passages of Prelude in the description of a scene on the Alps: Black drizzling crags that spake by the wayside As if a voice were in them, the sick sight And giddy prospect of the raving stream, The unfettered clouds and region of the Heavens, Tumult and peace, the darkness and the light-  ­Were all like workings of one mind, the features Of the same face, blossoms upon one tree; Characters of the great Apocalypse, The types and symbols of Eternity, Of first, and last, and midst, and without end. (prelude, Book VI) This passage is a representative of a profoundly moving and glowing description of one of the most memorable mystic experiences of Wordsworth. The essential features of Wordsworths mystic vision is also greatly depicted in those impressive lines of his, where he says: One interior life In which all beings live with God, themselves Are God, existing in the mighty whole, As indistinguishable as the cloudless east Is from the cloudless West, when all The hemisphere is one cerulean blue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From a fragment found in a Ms. notebook containing Peter Bell or when he refers to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..the sentiment of Being spread Oer all that moves and all that seemeth still; Oer all that, lost beyond the reach of thought And human knowledge, to the human eye Invisible, yet liveth to the heart; Oer all that leaps and runs; and shouts and sings, Or beats the gladsome air; Oer all that glides Beneath the wave, yea, in the wave itself, And mighty depth of waters. (Prelude, Book II) All objects, high or low, sentient or insentient are to him mixed with the presence of the Divine and instinct with life and feeling and even with consciousness and their own will. This is interestingly expressed in the following me ­morable lines: To every natural form, rock, fruit or flower, Even the loose stones that cover the highway, I gave a moral life: I saw them feel, Or linked them to some feeling: the great mass Lay bedded in a quickening soul, and all That I beheld respired with inward meaning. (Prelude, Book III) Wordsworths perception of One interior life in all leads to evoking his vision and fill him with lofty and elevated thoughts which is derived from ordinary and apparently trivial things of Nature. Trances of thought and mountings of the mind kindling him to the sublimely reverent and profoundly mystic contemplation of the Divine immanent in all creation. To me the meanest flower that blows can give Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears. (Ode on Intimations of Immortality) And he says that even the tiniest things of Nature seemed provoked and illuminated with a heavenly splendor and sublimity. The earth, and every common sight To me did seem Apparelld in celestial light. (Ibid) Since Nature brought a profound vision of the Deity or the Wisdom and Spirit of the universe in Wordsworths mind as he calls it in his Prelude, he regarded it as the source of his poetic inspiration and of moral and spiritual enlightenment and vision. He appreciates Nature as he says: Well pleased to recognize In nature and the language of the sense The anchor of my purest thoughts, the nurse, The guide, the guardian of my heart, and soul Of all my moral being. (Tintern Abbey Re-visited) All objects and units of Nature had for him some sublime and enigmatic moral and spiritual message to convey: One impulse from a vernal wood May teach you more of man, Of moral evil and of good. Than all the sages can. (The Tables Turned) It is the crucial faith of a mystic that the heart of light is the silence. In the true spirit of a mystic, Wordsworth arranged a supreme value on silence and contemplative stillness or, as he called it, wise passiveness and meditative peace and was aware of its deep and huge spiritual potentialities for bringing him divine revelation and for enabling him to penetrate into the ultimate cosmic mysteries. Among his visions of Nature, there came moments of such profound and hallowed stillness of transcendent peace and silence as Wordsworth called it that through his imagination Wordsworth attained the highest peak of his mystic vision gaining insight into the heart of reality (Jarvis 4). It was in moments of that peace which passeth understanding that Wordsworth says: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Gently did my soul Put off her veil, and self-transmuted, stood Naked, as in the presence of her Got (Prelude, Book IV) In moments of such holy tranquil and peace, his mind was transport ­ed to a state of sublime ecstasy, a trance-like consciousness. Oft in these moments such a holy calm Would overspread my soul, that bodily eyes Were utterly forgotten, and what I saw Appeared like something in myself, a dream: A prospect in the mind (Prelude, Book V) Emphasizing those moments of sublime stillness and serenity and their inestimable value and significance, Wordsworth in an illuminating passage in Tintern Abbey Re-visited says: that serene and blessed mood, In which the affections gently lead us on, Until, the breath of this corporeal frame And even the motion of our human blood Almost suspended, we are laid asleep In body, and become a living soul: While with an eye made quiet by the power Of harmony, and the deep power of joy, We see into the life of things. and also in Ode on Intimations of Immortality he states: Hence, in a season of calm weather Though inland far we be, Our souls have sight of that immortal sea Which brought us hither. Wordsworths mysticism is different and remarkable for its contemplative mood and pantheistic conception of nature. It is structured based on the belief that nature is a living being and the dwelling place of god. Nature is the means through which a man comes into contact with god. Wordsworth claims that a divine spirit can be seen through all the objects of nature. As a true pantheist he also says that all is God and God is all. This notion is particularly depicted in Tintern Abbey. He also finds the existence of god in the mind of man. Wordsworth claims that there is a pre-arranged harmony between the mind of man and the spirit of nature, which enables man to relate or communice with nature. The relationship is materialized when the mind of man forms a kinship with the thoughts of nature. And it is this cordial and intellectual junction between man and nature that helped to shape his belief that nature has the power to teach and educate human beings. Man reaches perfection and practical knowledge through the education he obtains from nature. He believes that the person who doesnt receive education from nature is worthless and his life is not successful. The poet believes that nature is the nurse and the protector of the mankind (Gill 163). In Wordsworths viewpoint, nature has the ability to alleviate the damaged mind of man. The beautiful and frolicsome aspects of nature are an infinite source for healing power. The material life sometimes becomes so painful that human beings loose the aspiration for living. When life becomes such unbearable then the sweet and affectionate contact with nature can easily drive away the cloud of cynicism from the mind of the viewer of nature. The noise and disturbance of the town or city life may make human life intolerable but even the recollections of nature in some lonely room can eliminate the burden of desolation, anxiety and suffocation. Wordsworth honors even the simplest and the most ordinary objects of nature and human life.   For him nothing is mean or low, since everything that is present in the universe is touched by divine life. To conclude we ought to say that Wordsworth never looked at nature like the way we do. With great devotion and enthusiasm, he sought to read the profoundest meaning of human life in nature. In the way of doing so he forged himself as a great poet of nature with a true mystical vision.

Grapes of Wrath :: essays papers

Grapes of Wrath In John Steinbeck’s epic, The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family is the example of the working class family during the 1930s. The novel depicts the Joad family as they are struggling to move from an infertile farm in Oklahoma to the gold coast of California. They are driven off of their farm by not only the â€Å"dust-bowl†, but because they can’t pay the mortgage to the banks, despite their hard work. Work is a very important theme in the book. Steinbeck is describing a family whose livelihood comes from working on the land. This has two meanings. The first describes their jobs as farmers who are literally working on the land to make it produce crops. The second meaning however is much deeper; it describes the actual process that farmers such as the Joads go through on the farm. They â€Å"work† the land by cultivating it and treating the soil the right way. They put their own blood, sweat, and tears into the land. In return the land sprouts crops, which they would then sell for money. The land however is destroyed by the dust bowl and the Joads have no place to work. They are skilled only for the farm. This is the first idea that Steinbeck gives about work. He shows a family with a skill, but in a place where the skill had no worth. Al seems to be knowledgeable about fixing cars, but for the most part, the only way that the Joads have, or can survive is as farmers. This is a direct statement on what the Industrial revolution was doing to America in the time period. The jobs on the farm that were done by hand were becoming machine tasks. Steinbeck makes a very blatant statement against the machines that came about and blamed them for much of what happens to the Joads that force them to leave the land. Steinbeck doesn’t only use the machines as the machine that literally forces the Joads off of their farms, but also incorporates the ideas that the big businesses are using the machine to do the jobs of the actual farm families. Work is what the driver of the tractor had to do when he comes to remove the Joads from the land in Chapter Five.

Influences Of The Renaissance Upon The Founding Of America :: essays research papers

The Renaissance was the most influential time period in the discovery of America. During the Renaissance, which lasted from the 14th century to the 17th century, great advancements were made in methods of navigation. Also, the greatest goal of almost every nation and empire was to claim new lands and seize its riches. The desire for the land motivated some to move westward. Another motive to expand during the Renaissance was the will to convert the native "heathens" into Christians. The Renaissance, which began in Italy in the 1300s, was one of the largest periods of growth and development in Western Europe. Navigation was no longer limited to traveling about by land. Large fleets of ships were constructed, and great navigational schools, the best founded by Prince Henry the Navigator in Portugal, were founded. People were no longer tied to the lands they lived on, as they were in medieval times. They were freer to learn new skills and travel. These enabled people to go further than they had before. Fleets of ships were sent to the Eastern world to bring back treasures and valuable spices. Routes to Asia were traveled beginning in the early Renaissance. The most posing problems with the set routes to Asia, which went around the Cape of Good Hope and along the coast of Africa, were that it was very dangerous due to enemy colonies along the route and was also very long. These problems made some people, including Christopher Columbus, decide to turn to the west to find safer and faster routes to the riches of Asia. What they found was the Americas. Believing that he would reach Asia, Columbus accidentally found a new continent, full of new riches and unclaimed lands. All of this occurred near the end of the Renaissance, beginning with the founding of America in 1492, near the end of the 15th century. Europe flocked to this New World, and founded many colonies, including the Thirteen Colonies, founded by Great Britain, which later became the first states in the United States of America. From these colonies, they extracted the wealth of and gold and spices that they sought in Asia. Additionally, they would convert the native people of the lands to Christianity. Columbus saw himself as a messenger of G-d, who brought salvation to the natives by converting them. Missionaries were built wherever a colony was founded, and often along the route of an exploration.

Introduction to Marketing Essay

You have been employed as a marketing intern with one of the UK’s largest marketing agencies and have been set various assignments to complete during your one-year internship. You will be required to demonstrate your research skills on various projects related to marketing, research and planning, marketing mix and online marketing. Task 1 P1 Describe how marketing techniques are used to market products in two organisations Due date: Refer to front sheet for date  M1 Compare marketing techniques used in marketing products in two organisations You are helping the marketing manager organise a ‘Marketing in Business’ conference. Your manager wants you to find out how other organisations use marketing techniques and has asked you to prepare a 10 minute presentation that you will deliver at the conference. You have been  asked to produce a leaflet to support the presentation, comparing the organisation. You have also been asked to produce speaker notes, which will be handed out at the conference. What to include in your presentation: Introduce your two organisations, their business and marketing objectives Describe what marketing is and why organisations use various techniques Describe clearly the marketing techniques they use to market a particular product/service or product range What to include in the leaflet: Compare the similarities and differences between the use of marketing techniques in your two organisations Growth Strategies (Ansoff’s Matrix) Survival Strategies Branding and Brand positioning Relationship marketing Due date: Refer to front sheet for date Task 2 Following your presentation about marketing techniques, you discovered that marketing activity is regulated and monitored by various bodies, codes of practice and laws. Using the 2 scenarios below, investigate and respond by letter to both: P2 Describe the limitation and constraints of marketing on the business. Suggested letter content: Introduce yourself and the department you work for.  Describe why abiding by marketing rules and regulations is necessary Identify the legal rules that apply to the case  Identify the voluntary factors that would apply to the case.  Stress the consequences of failing to comply with the legal and voluntary constraints. Due date: Refer to front sheet for date Scenario 1 A business organisation named â€Å"Fantasy† has recently spent 10 million pounds launching a new perfume. Fantasy has advertised on television as well as on YouTube. The advertisement is proving to be an international success and has raised a lot of interest from the young audience it is hoping to attract. Most importantly sales of the perfume have doubled over the last few months.  However, there have been a number of complaints regarding the content of the advertisement. For instance there are concerns with regards to nudity, language and the suitability of the advertisement for a younger audience. Of particular concern are the number of complaints that Fantasy use extreme methods when testing their products on animals. A number of pressure groups have campaigned for the ban of this advertisement from TV screens. Your task You have been asked to write a formal letter to Fantasy Head Office, Customer Complaints Division, identifying the limitations and constraints of marketing activities especially those that are relevant to the above scenario. Scenario 2 You have recently purchased a new mobile phone on arriving home you realise that the phone is unable to carry out the functions that you were promised. The phone was considerably expensive and you saved up for months in order to be able to buy it. However, when visiting the store you were offered the opportunity to purchase the product on credit. The store has also advised you it would be more efficient if you went on to their website and brought the product online and they have offered you a further discount for doing so. Two weeks later you are still waiting for your mobile phone to arrive. To make matters worse once you signed up for this product you have been bombarded with cold calls from other mobile phone companies, you fear that your personal details have been given out to other organisations without your consent. Your task How are you protected as a consumer? You must write a formal letter to the Office of Fair Trading expressing your concerns. You must identify the relevant Acts and regulations that protect you as a consumer. Due date: Refer to front sheet for date Task 3 P3 Describe how a selected organisation uses marketing research to contribute to the development of its marketing plans P4 Use marketing research for marketing planning  You have been approached by a new company that is interested in finding out  whether they should invest heavily in market research. Your first task is to produce a poster presentation on marketing research and planning, that you will deliver to the Board of Directors. Your suggested presentation content: Choose an organisation and agree choice with your teacher (www.thetimes100.co.uk case studies is a useful resource to use) Describe marketing research and marketing planning.  Describe the marketing research that is used by your organisation Describe how the marketing research collected is used by the organisation in their marketing planning Now you need to carry out marketing planning using marketing research Select an existing product/service or potential product/service for your organisation. Conduct primary and secondary research into customer perceptions and market analysis for the product/service and make proposals on how the organisation’s marketing planning can be developed. This should include a PESTLE/SWOT analysis, which shows the research you have conducted into your product. Your marketing plan should include the following: 1. Set clear SMART objectives regarding what you want your product or service to achieve 2. Conduct primary and secondary research on your product or service. 3. Conduct a SWOT analysis highlighting the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of your product or service. 4. Conduct a PESTLE analysis, analysing the external environment and the impact this may have on your product or service. 5. Write a brief summary with regards to your findings. Due date: Refer to front sheet for date M2 Explain the limitations of marketing research used to contribute to the development of a selected organisation’s marketing plans D2 Make justified recommendations for improving the validity of the marketing research used to contribute to the development of a selected organisation’s marketing plans. Considering limitations of market research Your task is to identify and explain the limitations of the market research methods used by your organisation. You will need to submit a formal report  of the limitations that you have spoken about, for the directors. You have been asked to write a formal report to the Head of Market Research at Hammersmith and Fulham. You have to make recommendations on how they can improve the validity of marketing research used for marketing planning. Introduce yourself, your role and who you work for Explain why you are writing to the organisation. Make at least 3 recommendations for improving the validity of market research used by your organisation Provide a justification for each recommendation you make. End your report with an offer to help if they require more information. Due date: Refer to front sheet for date Task 4 P5 Explain how and why groups of customers are targeted for selected products You have been asked to develop a visual poster to explain how and why groups of customers are targeted for products. You should: Explain what is meant by market segmentation and DMU’s Explain the difference between customers, consumers and buyers Select 6 different target groups (this should include both B2C and B2B) and give examples of products that are aimed at them and why). Due date: Refer to front sheet for date Task 5 A dynamic new company have approached your marketing agency and want you to help come up with an exciting new marketing campaign. You will produce a 10 minute presentation on the marketing mix. Propose a marketing mix based on your research to a clearly defined group of potential customers. P6 Develop a coherent marketing mix for a new product or service M3 Develop a coherent marketing mix that is targeted at a defined group of potential customers. Using the research from your previous task you will now give a presentation of the new marketing mix you propose. Suggested presentation content: You will need to think about how you are going to present the marketing mix for the company (Product, Price, Promotion and Place). The product or service  that you choose does not have to be entirely new, it could be an established product or service introduced to a new market The marketing mix must be clearly targeted to a defined group of potential customers and needs to be detailed and clear so that all the 4P’s meet the exact needs and aspirations of the target group of customers. Due date: Refer to front sheet for date

Whole Foods: a Whole-Istic Strategy

1. Define Whole foods’ â€Å"product†. How does it deliver value to customers? The Whole Foods Market chain was the first retailer in the United States offering products to its customers that are natural (grown without being treated with growth hormones or antibiotics) and ’certified organic’. The product of Whole Foods are organic, natural and gourmet foods, taking into account the environment as an important factor, and making of the earth the first priority. hey’re not a company selling cheap products but they’re a company selling quality and health to their customers. They’re not giving importance to businnes, but to quality and satisfy their customers. Whole foods is not only taking care of their customers but also of the environment and of our oplanet. Whole foods deliver value to their customers by selling the highest quality natural and organic products available, satisfying and delighting their customers, supporting team member happiness and excellence, creating wealth through profits and growth, caring about communities and the environment, creating ongoing win-win partnerships with their suppliers and promoting the health of their stakeholders through healthy eating education. 2. Organic food are becoming very popular. Many chains, including Wal-Mart, have begun offering and expading their selection of organics. Does this pose a competitive threat to Whole Foods? Wal-Mart represent a big threat to the Whole Foods stores, because it is starting to offer organic products at lower prices and if consumers start to see this in Wal-mart they’re going to start buying in there, but now in the USA all Products sold as â€Å"Organic† must now meet the requirements of the USDA Organic Rule, and every product most under a number show how organic is their product, that could be an advantage for Whole Foods because it can show that the quality meet the prices that they have, and for Wal-Mart could be a little difficult to have such quality product at such a low price. . With respect to Whole Foods’ targeting and positioning strategies, what challenges will the company face in the future as it continues to grow and expand? As it grows and expand it’s difficult to the market of organic food to keep all of these demand as far as it has Whole-Foods, it is also very difficult to satisfy the expectations of all the customers using suc h a high quality level in each of the products. For high quality products it is improtant to takle care of every item that comes out to the market, and it is so expensive for Whole Foods to do that so it is going to reduce quality. It is also important to know that Whole Foods incomes are flattening and net income is plummeting. And this is all going to create a debt for Whole foods and making such expensive products, they most cut costs to make make the company more proffitable. 4. In some places, Whole Foods is commonly known as â€Å"Whole Paycheck† While the firm has clearly positioned itself away from pricing issues, can it avoid this element of the marketing mix forever? Why or why not? It can avoid them by giving lower prices to their customers, but it’s difficult because they’re offering organic quality products, which in countries like the United States are very expensive to afford. It is very difficult to overcome this situation but Whole Foods is doing well by offering more discounts, increasing lower-priced store brands, advertising products they sell at a good value and organizing budget-focused store tours. This could be a major move for Whole Foods to create a new image of their market. . What other trends in the future of retailing do you think will have an impact on Whole Foods? The economy have it cycles but in the other hand it gives some trends like it’s people taking care of their health, there is a lot of people with their awareness and their consciousness and how lifestyle plays into the role of health. There’s a million of people realizing they want vitality in their lives. And these are big trends. These are shifts that people are not going to go back from.

Copyright Infringement

Copyright Learning Team Weekly Reflection LAW/421 Learning Team D Weekly Reflection Week three focused on copyright infringement, and the legal issues in cyberspace associated with copyright laws. Copyright infringement can be classified into three theories; direct, indirect, and vicarious. Direct is the most obvious form because the copyright owner can prove legal ownership of the work in question and that the infringer copied the work without permission. A facilitator in indirect theory of copyright infringement is liable for damages.The copyright owner must identify the direct infringer, and the facilitator must have knowledge of the infringement. The copyright infringement case against Napster was a landmark case that forced Napster, once a free subscription service, to re-emerge as a paid subscription service. This case changed the way music was bought. Contributory infringement was used against Napster to force them to shut down and change their business model. Understanding th e defense to infringement claims, specifically fair use can be complex. Fair use is the most common defense of copyright infringement.Under the fair use defense, some infringement is permitted if the device can be used in a significant non-infringing way, such as a VCR. With the digital age and the growth of the Internet applying the copyright law has become more difficult for the courts. Photography, music, and software are the biggest areas affected by copyright infringement and issues dealing with cyberspace. Formats such as MP3 have made it easier for infringers’ to record audio and data files much faster than before, which can make it harder to catch the infringer or facilitators.Software has also become increasingly popular for unauthorized duplication. iTunes has stepped up to adhere to the laws protecting copyright by implementing safeguards to prevent illegal downloads. Digital photography and social networking have opened up new dimensions of copyright infringement issues for photographers. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act has made strides in protecting copyright holders in the digital age by holding third parties responsible and going after parties that illegally download copyrighted aterial. Given that technology is proceeding at a lightning pace, one can only imagine how the music and movie industries are grappling with keeping as much as the profits as possible from their creative works. Although challenging for lawmakers, the advancement of technology in recent years has led to the culmination of new laws and precedent in protection of intellectual property. The Computer Software Copyright Act of 1980 afforded protection to computer software programs.Since then, appellate courts have suggested patents instead of copyrights provide the most appropriate form of intellectual property protection. Copyright infringement and protection is an important issue for all businesses small and large. Most large businesses started out as small busin esses that had a good idea that changed everything. Many small businesses don’t own patents or copyrights, but as information becomes more and more valuable parts of businesses they are becoming more of a concern. The most valuable part of most companies is their intellectual property.The franchisor must give full disclosure and details that relate to any part of the franchise or company in question under certain terms and conditions. It’s also important to remember to check and see whether the franchiser has established another franchisee or any other promissory agreements. Patent and Trademark lawyers are familiar in these matters and should be consulted upon buying a company with valuable information or if your own company or if patents and copyrights get involved (Steingold, 2005).

Ashaba-Ahebwa Mark on Civil Law in the Ugandan Jurisdiction Essay

The topographic point and manner of test is normally determined by type of test and proceedings. If you make an application by biddings. so you will be heard in Chambers. Procedure 1 – where suspect elects non to name grounds The Plaintiff or recommend makes an gap address referred to sometimes as an gap statement. After that the complainant informants are called. examined cross examined and re-examined. After that the complainant or his advocator amounts up the instance by doing a shutting address. After that the Defendant states their instance and makes a shutting address. Procedure 2 – Defence elects to name grounds Advocates for the complainant makes an opening statement. the complainant informants are called. examined. cross-examined and re-examined. After that the defendant’s advocate makes an opening statement. After that the defendant’s informants are called. examined. cross examined and rhenium examined. After the Plaintiff or his advocator amounts up the instance by doing the shutting address. Thereafter the suspect sums up the instance and makes a shutting address besides. The Defendant can answer to the plaintiff’s shutting. The answer merely covers new land. In instances where there are many suspects and many complainants the same process will use but if the suspects are represented individually. so the advocates will individually do their entries individually by order of visual aspect. Cross scrutiny of informant will besides follow the order in which they proceed. Co complainants will usually be represented by the same advocate. Who has the right to get down the instance? Order XVII Rule 1 The complainant or the applier has the right to get down. Of class there are certain exclusions to that right to get down. 1. Where the Defendant admits the facts alleged by the complainant but raises an expostulation on a portion of jurisprudence. In such a instance the suspect should be entitled to get down by subjecting on that portion of the jurisprudence. For illustration. say one raises a supplication of Res Judicata? In such a instance one can state that they have sued the suspect by they have raised an expostulation on the portion of the jurisprudence a and in this instance. the Defendant has the right to get down on a supplication of RESs judicata. Or the Defendant raises the supplication of restriction. they have the right to subject on that point of jurisprudence. However it is advisable that one should ever set it in the pleadings whatever supplication they intend to raise. 2. Where the Defendants admits the facts alleged by the complainant but states that the complainant is non entitled to the alleviation that they seek for illustration drawn from Seldon v. Davidson in which instance the complainant brought proceedings for recovery of a debt. In their defense mechanism the suspects admitted that they received the money from the complainant but pleaded that the money was a gift. In this instance the suspect has a right to get down. Suppose there are several issues? May be it could be many different parties and there is a difference as to who should hold the right to get down? The tribunal will direct that the party with the load of turn outing the bulk of issues shall get down. Opening Statement What should it incorporate It is normally a brief lineation of either the defendant’s or the plaintiff’s instance. normally it will province the facts merely. They will be stating the tribunal the informant that they intend to name and will be giving a prevue of what they intend to turn out. Normally this is an debut to the full test and it is of import that it is interesting. logical. credible and in a narrative signifier. Usually it is non necessary for the Judge to enter the gap addresss unless one raises a point of jurisprudence. It is of import that a note should be made in the tribunal record that an gap address was made. an gap address must non incorporate grounds. It should merely be limited to a statement of basic facts that the parties intend to turn out or trust on as defense mechanism. After you make the gap statements. you move on to scrutiny in head. Examination OF WITNESSES Examination in Chief When you call a informant there are 3 phases1. Examination in head2. Cross Examination3. Re scrutiny Examination in Chief The object of scrutiny in head is to arouse facts that are favorable to the instance of the party naming the informant. In other words the test in head is when you question your first informant. Sometimes the plaintiffs themselves. Normally they will be giving grounds that will be favorable to their instance. It is governed by two regulations ( a ) The informant can non be asked prima inquiries – these are inquiries that suggest the reply expected of that individual. For illustration you can non inquire Was your concern running into fiscal troubles last twelvemonth? You should inquire what was the fiscal place of your concern last twelvemonth? The art of cognizing whether a inquiry is taking is learnt with experience. ( B ) The scrutiny must non be conducted in an assaultive mode. Normally at cross scrutiny you can assail but you can non make that to your ain informant. If your informant turns hostile. you can inquire the tribunal to declare the informant a hostile informant a nd one time the tribunal does that. you can so assail the informant. When a informant is declared hostile ( I ) You will be allowed to impeach the creditability of that informant ; ( two ) You can inquire prima inquiries ( three ) You can inquire them inquiries that touch on their truthfulness and even their past character and old strong beliefs. ( four ) You can besides be able to analyze on certain issues by leave of the justice e. g. you can oppugn the hostile informant on statements they made antecedently which is inconsistent with their present testimony. This can assist to demo that the witne3ss is giving conflicting grounds which the tribunal is allowed to decide when they are taking the grounds into history. You must take witness statements. If they give grounds inconsistent with the statement that they signed. you can impeach their credibleness and bring forth the informant statement. CROSS EXAMINATION There are 3 purposes of cross scrutiny 1. To arouse farther facts which are favorable to the cross analyzing party ; 2. To prove and if possible dramatis personae uncertainty on the grounds given by the informant in head ; 3. To impeach the credibleness of the informant. Cross scrutiny – the range is broad one is allowed to inquire prima inquiries. inquiry a informant on old testimony. it is non restricted in any manner. A good Advocate will ne'er bury the virtuousness of courtesy. RE EXAMINATION Once you have examined your informant in head. the other side cross-examines your informant. The re scrutiny is a sort of retrieval procedure. This is when you try to mend the lesions that were opened up in cross scrutiny. Most of import. re-examination is purely restricted to affairs that arose at cross scrutiny. The tribunal besides has powers to inquire a witness inquiries for the intent of clear uping points. SUBMISSION OF NO CASE TO ANSWER The suspect may do a defense mechanism of no instance to reply after the entry by the complainant. The Judge must make up one's mind whether there is any grounds that would warrant seting the suspects on their defense mechanism. Normally if the entry of no instance to reply is non upheld. the instance continues. If the tribunal says that there is no instance to reply. that governing can be challenged on Appeal. Taking DOWN EVIDENCE Normally grounds of informants is taken orally in unfastened tribunal under the way of a Magistrate or Judge. it is usually written down in narrative signifier i. e. non inquiry and reply signifier but where there is particular ground. the grounds may be in inquiry and reply signifier. The regulation is that the tribunal may on its gesture taken down a peculiar inquiry verbatim and the reply verbatim. Where either party objects to a inquiry and the tribunal allows it. so the tribunal should enter the inquiry. the reply and the expostulation and the name of the individual raising the expostulation and if they make a opinion they must besides enter the opinion of the expostulation raised. Tact is required as you may happen that. Sometimes if you object excessively much you can annoy the Judge. Object merely for of import things. In the class of taking grounds. the tribunal may besides enter comments made by informants while under scrutiny and usually after taking down the grounds the justice will subscribe that grounds. The tribunals can besides enter comments and demeanor of a informant. PROSECUTION & A ; ADJOURNMENT OF SUITS Public policy paperss that concern of the tribunal should be conducted efficiently. It is of great importance and in the involvement of justness that action should be brought to test and finalised with minimal hold. Order XVI Rule 1 requires that hearing of instances should be on a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours footing until all informants have testified. However this is non ever possible and that is why the tribunal may recess a hearing on its ain gesture or upon application by either of the parties where good class is shown. The regulation requires that dissolutions can be granted where good cause is shown Habib V Rajput the complainant instance came up for hearing. the advocators applied for dissolution on the evidences that their client was absent for some unexplained grounds. The respondent opposed stating that his informants were already in tribunal and had come from really far off and it was bing a few thousand shillings to maintain them there per twenty-four hours. Was the plaintiff’s ground good cause to recess. The tribunal ruled that no sufficient cause was shown and the application for dissolution was dismissed. Kamil V. Merali NO STEPS TAKEN – Order XVI Rule 6 Under Rule 6. where no application has been made or stairss taken for 3 old ages by either party. the tribunal may order the suit to be dismissed but normally the application should demo do why the suit should non be dismissed. Any instance which is dismissed under Rule 6 can be instituted afresh topic to regulations of restriction. Victoria Construction Co. V. Dugall The tribunal considered the significance of stairss taken within the significance of Rule 6. the Case was filed in November 1958 and in 1960 the Applicant decided to mention the instance to an arbiter but efforts to decide the difference through arbitration failed. The affair went to kip until 1962 where the registrar asked the parties to demo cause why the suit should non be dismissed. The Plaintiff contended that the stairss to seek arbitration amounted to stairss taken. The inquiry was whether an understanding to mention the affair to arbitration was a measure taken and the tribunal held that that was non a measure taken and the instance was dismissed. In this instance. the tribunal explained 1. That one has to fulfill the tribunal that the suit is ready to continue without hold. 2. One has to fulfill the tribunal that the suspect will endure no adversity ; 3. That there has been none frequent inaction by the Plaintiff. It is advisable at the clip the instance comes up for hearing to inquire that it be stood over by and large ( SOG ) to give you clip to travel to arbitration and if you are non ready. you can ever travel back to tribunal and seek an extension. This manner there is a measure taken. Shutting Address You are stating the tribunal that you have presented your grounds. that you have proved that so and so is apt and you will besides be stating the tribunal that this is the jurisprudence and if applied to the facts of your instance so the jurisprudence should back up your supplications. You will be stating the tribunal of past determinations that support your instance. You will accommodate the facts. the jurisprudence and past determinations that support your instance. You make your instance in the shutting statements.